Vegetables 蔬菜
| Word | Explanation | Image |
|---|---|---|
| spinach | 菠菜 | |
| celery | 芹菜 | |
| lettuce | 莴苣/生菜 |  |
| broccoli | 西兰花 | |
| cauliflower | 花菜 | |
| corn | 玉米。corn on the cob 玉米棒 | |
| fennel | 茴香 |  |
| eggplant | 茄子 | |
| peas | 豌豆 | |
| chickpeas | 鹰嘴豆 | |
| bean sprouts | 豆芽 | |
| taro | 芋头 | |
| konjac | 魔芋，又称蒟蒻，来源于日语 Konniyaku。konjac noodle 魔芋面 | |
| seaweed | 海带，紫菜，海苔等海中蔬菜 | |
| lotus root | 莲藕，lotus 莲 | |
| sauerkraut | 酸菜，来自德语 sauer 酸的 kraut 蔬菜 | |
| pickle | 酸黄瓜 | |
| carrot | 萝卜（长） |  |
| radish | 萝卜（圆） |  |
莴苣还是生菜？
莴苣和生菜是同一种植物，只不过莴苣吃茎 (stem)，而生菜吃叶子，因此可以称莴苣为 stem lettuce.
Carrot vs radish
Carrot 是长的萝卜，radish是圆的萝卜。白色的圆萝卜称为 Daikon radish，Daikon 来自日语“大根”。
Cabbages 卷心菜
Common cabbages:
| Word | Explanation | Image |
|---|---|---|
| green cabbage | 包菜 |  |
| red cabbage | 紫甘蓝 |  |
| napa cabbage | 大白菜 |  |
| bok choy | 根据地域的不同称为小白菜，青菜，油菜等。来源于粤语“白菜” |  |
We use the word Chinese cabbage to refer to both napa cabbage and bok choy. However, some people use it to refer to napa cabbage only.
Nuts 坚果
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| peanuts | 花生 |
| chestnuts | 栗子 |
| water chestnuts | 菱角或者荸荠 |
| walnuts | 核桃 |
Mushrooms 蘑菇
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| oyster mushroom | 平菇 |
| king oyster mushroom/king trumpet mushroom | 杏鲍菇，trumpet 小号，这东西确实长得像小号 |
| enoki mushroom | 金针菇，enoki 来自日语 |
| shiitake mushroom | 香菇，shiitake 来自日语 |
Herbs and spices 香草和香料
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| parsley | 欧芹 |
| rosemary | 迷迭香 |
| sage | 鼠尾草 |
| thyme | 百里香 |
| basil | 罗勒叶，又称九层塔。popcorn chicken 盐酥鸡，three cup chicken 三杯鸡 和 pho 越南粉里面有这玩意 |
| cilantro/coriander | 香菜，又称芫荽 |
| onion | 洋葱 |
| green onion/scallion | 青葱。scallion pancake 葱油饼 |
| ginger | 姜 |
| mint | 薄荷 |
| cinnamon | 肉桂 |
| saffron | 藏红花。paella 西班牙海鲜饭里有这玩意 |
| star anise | 八角。anise 是大茴香 |
| cumin | 孜然 |
| cloves | 丁香 |
Cilantro vs coriander
Cilantro is the leaves of the coriander plant. Coriander 指植物整体，而 cilantro 指其叶子。因此芫荽籽称为 coriander seeds 而不是 cilantro seeds。
Peppers 椒类
| Word | Explanation | Image |
|---|---|---|
| bell pepper | 菜椒 |  |
| black pepper | 黑胡椒，由于其形如小球也叫做 black peppercorns |  |
| chili pepper | 辣椒 |  |
| cayenne pepper | 卡宴辣椒 |  |
| jalapeno | 墨西哥辣椒，来源于西班牙语 |  |
| Szechuan pepper | 花椒，也叫 Szechuan peppercorns |  |
菜椒由于状如钟 (bell) 而称为 bell pepper。在中国大陆有人称之为青椒，因为中国大陆的菜椒多为青色，但实际上菜椒可呈现多种颜色。
cayenne pepper 和 jalapeno 是两种常见的 chili pepper，其中 cayenne pepper 就是常说的红辣椒，由于在南美洲一个叫做卡宴的小镇发现，因此称为卡宴辣椒；jalapeno 辣度相当足，本人尝试过用它代替红辣椒炒菜，效果很好。
chili pepper 和 szechuan pepper 的区别在于，chili pepper 让人感到辣 (hot/spicy)，而 szechuan pepper 让人感到麻 (numb)。
Five-spice powder 五香粉
Five-spice power is made up of cinnamon 肉桂, fennel seeds 茴香籽, star anise 八角, Szechuan peppercorns 花椒 and cloves 丁香.
Fishes and seafoods 鱼类和海鲜
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| cod | 鳕鱼 |
| carp | 鲤鱼 |
| Asian carp | 亚洲鲤鱼。对青鱼草鱼鲢鱼鳙鱼等一系列淡水鱼的总称 |
| salmon | 三文鱼 |
| tuna | 金枪鱼 |
| basa | 巴沙鱼 |
| oyster | 蚝 |
| squid/calamari | 鱿鱼。calamari (which means “squid” in Italian) is simply the culinary name for squid |
| octopus | 章鱼 |
| lobster | 龙虾 |
| crawfish | 小龙虾 |
| clam | 蛤蜊 |
| mussel | 青口贝 |
| scallop | 带子 |
Cooking 烹饪
不同的切
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| chop | to cut something into pieces with a sharp tool such as a knife 切。finely chopped onions 切得很好的洋葱。和 cut 的区别在于 chop 强调切成 pieces，也就是 cut 可以只切一刀，而 chop 需要切很多刀 |
| slice | to cut something into slices, while a slice means a thin flat piece 切成片。slice the cucumber thinly 将黄瓜切成薄片 |
| shred | to cut or tear something into shreds, while a shred means a small thin piece 切成条。shredded lettuce 切成条的生菜，shred documents 粉碎文件，shredder 碎纸机 |
| dice | to cut meat, vegetables, etc. into small square pieces 切成丁。diced carrots 萝卜丁 |
| mince/grind | to cut food, especially meat, into very small pieces using a special machine (called a mincer) 切成末。minced/ground beef 牛肉末 |
其他准备食物的方式
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| peel | to take the outer layer off fruit, vegetables, etc. 削皮。peel an orange 剥橘子皮 |
| stir | to move a liquid or substance around, using a spoon or something similar, in order to mix it completely 翻/搅。stir the tea 搅拌茶水 |
| mash | to make food into a soft mass 捣成糊。mashed potato 土豆泥 |
不同的炒
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| fry | to cook something in hot fat or oil 炒/煎/炸。fried chicken 炸鸡，fried rice 炒饭，fried egg 煎蛋 |
| deep-fry | to cook food in oil that covers it completely 油炸，要求油盖过食物 |
| stir-fly | to cook thin pieces of vegetables or meat quickly by moving them around with a spoon, etc. in very hot oil 翻炒 |
| saute | to fry food quickly in a little hot fat 清炒。和 fry 的区别在于用油较少 |
Cooking in an oven 用烤箱烤
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| bake | 约350度低温，双面烤，一般用于面包和饼干等结构疏松的食物。bake bread/cookies 烤面包/饼干 |
| roast | 约450度中等温度，双面烤，一般用于肉类或切成大块的蔬菜等结构紧实的食物。roast meat/potatos 烤肉/土豆 |
| broil | 约550度高温，从上面烤，一般用于将食物烤脆。broiled chicken 烤鸡 |
| toast | to make something, especially bread, turn brown by heating it in a toaster 将面包等快速加热 |
Cooking on an open fire 用明火烤
Barbecue 指的是离火比较远的低温慢烤，grill 指的是离火比较近的高温快速烤。但是事实上这俩经常混用。
不同的煮
| Word | Explanation |
|---|---|
| simmer | to cook something by keeping it almost at boiling point 用低于沸点的水煮（更准确的中文叫煨）。simmered spinach 煨菠菜 |
| boil | to cook or wash something in boiling water 用沸水煮。boiled carrots/cabbage/potatoes/eggs 水煮萝卜/卷心菜/土豆/鸡蛋 |
| stew | to cook something slowly in liquid in a closed dish 合上盖子慢慢煮，和 boil 相比煮的时间更长，一般用于肉等需要长时间煮的食物。stewed beef 牛肉汤。Stew 也可做名词，用于煮出来的汤，beef stew 牛肉汤 |
| braise | to cook meat or vegetables very slowly with a little liquid in a closed container 用较少的水慢慢煮（更准确的中文叫烧），braised pork belly 红烧肉 |
Cooking eggs 做鸡蛋
| Word | Explanation | Image |
|---|---|---|
| poach | to cook an egg gently in nearly boiling water after removing its shell. Poached eggs 水波蛋。日本的温泉蛋虽然没有去壳但是一般也翻译成 poached eggs |  |
| scramble | to cook an egg by mixing the white and yellow parts together and heating them. Scrambled eggs 炒鸡蛋 |  |
| omelette | a hot dish of eggs mixed together and fried, often with cheese, meat, vegetables, etc. added 欧姆蛋，煎熟的蛋中间放馅料包起来。Omellete rice 蛋包饭，Oyster omelette 蚵仔煎，Japanese omelette 玉子烧 |  |
Omelette vs scrambled egg
The key difference between omelette and scrambled egg is that omelette is made by frying a beaten egg without stirring, whereas scrambled egg is made by frying the egg and stirring it when it starts to thicken. Omelette不能翻搅，不然就会散开。而 scrambled egg 需要翻搅，不然会凝固成一团。
其他做鸡蛋的方法
Fried eggs 煎鸡蛋。Boiled eggs 煮鸡蛋